The concept of sustainability has been around since the 17th century and can be linked explicitly to investment through obsolescence and depreciation.

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A great deal of effort goes into quantifying investment risk but the decision-making process itself can be risky, introducing risks that may mean sub-optimal decisions are taken.

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Whilst there is little evidence of valuable forecasting ability for property markets, strategies are often set using them, forcing fund managers towards replicating off-index weights by trading.

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Aggregating uncertain property valuations to deliver a portfolio valuation still leaves portfolio-level valuation uncertainty. This gives rise to a number of potential issues.

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